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MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS
(r.1542-1587)
There has always been a fascination about Mary Stuart, Queen of
Scots. Her life has been romanticized in novels and in the movies.
However, the story of Mary is a great tragedy in history.
Mary was a very high-spirited, impulsive, highly-sexed woman and a
devout Catholic in the bargain. There were bound to be problems when
she returned to Scotland during a period of austerity in religion.
Childhood
Mary was a baby when she was crowned at Stirling
Castel. Castlethe only legitimate child of James V who died
immediately after her birth. Not only was she Queen of Scotland, but
as the granddaughter of Margaret Tudor, she was in line for the
throne of England after the children of Henry VIII. Mary was supposed
to marry Henry VIII's son, Edward. How history would have been
changed if that had happened. By proposing marriage with his son, his
interference in Scottish politics could be taken as a benevolent
interest. However, there were Catholics who were opposed to such a
marriage and Henry overplayed his hand and made demands to which Mary
of Guise, Mary's mother, who was acting as regent, could not
acquiesce so they took the little Queen to Stirling Castle. Henry
then began his "rough wooing" of Mary by invading Scotland.
He sent an army north and they burned Edinburgh and the abbeys in the
Borders. These terrible brutal attacks gave Mary of Guise and
Cardinal Beaton an opportunity to gain control. The effect of his
actions was to alienate the hearts of many Scotsmen. "Scotland
might have come to England as a bride, but as a bondswoman she would
never come."
English aggression drove Scotland into the arms of the French.
Mary was sent to France at the age of five for her safety.
Accompanying her were four Scottish noblewomen, the four Marys, and
they were educated at the French Court with the little Queen. Mary
was brought up at the French court as a Catholic and developed into a
very accomplished and beautiful young woman, almost 6 feet tall, with
beautiful red hair. At the age of 15 she was married to the dauphin,
Francis, the son of Henri II of France, her childhood playmate. She
was very fond of white and wore white for her wedding, although it
was regarded as the color of mourning. Upon his death, she became
Queen Consort of France.
A few months after she went to France, Henry VIII's daughter, Bloody
Mary Tudor died childless and the English throne passed to Elizabeth,
the Queen of Scots' cousin.
Because of her marriage to the Daphne, the Catholics believed that
Mary Stuart had a better claim to the English throne and the King of
France declared that his daughter-in-law was the rightful queen of
England. Elizabeth was furious about the French's putting forth a
claim for Mary as the rightful Queen of England. Elizabeth was very
jealous of Mary's beauty and feared greatly for her throne. Roman
Catholics had never recognized the marriage of Henry VIII to Anne
Boleyn and so for many, Mary was more than the true heiress to the
English Crown, she was the Queen of England.
Mary became the Queen of France when Henri died in 1559 and the
Dauphin assumed the throne. Secret treaties were signed stating that
if Mary should die without heirs, that the throne of Scotland would
be conveyed to the French. The Guises were now in a very solid
position of power. The following year her mother, Mary of Guise, died
after having been the regent of Scotland for six years. The King of
France died leaving Mary a widow at the age of 19. Upon her mother's
death, she decided to assume her place as Queen of Scotland and
returned there in 1561.
Return to Scotland
When she returned to Scotland Elizabeth declined to give her a safe
conduct across the North Sea because Mary had refused to ratify the
Treaty of Leith. She felt that it was worded in such a manner that
she must abandon the claim to England forever. Was she to lay claim
to the English throne or was she to abandon her immediate claim and
gain recognition as the accepted successor of Elizabeth, if Elizabeth
should die without heirs? She decided to play a middle road for the
time being. When she returned to Scotland, she refused to accept the
invitation of the Earl of Huntly to land in the northeast and make
herself a Catholic Queen with the aid of the Clan Gordon. In fact,
she forbade her entourage and lieges to do anything against the form
of religion which was "public and standing" upon her
arrival. This was the first religious toleration in Great Britain.
She was given a grand welcome by the people when she landed in Leith
port by Edinburgh. The people were charmed by her courtesy, beauty
and winning mannerisms. However, by now, Scotland had been reformed
by Knox into a Protestant nation and soon the people began to fear
the very Catholic Mary, her friends and the Catholicism she brought
from France with her. Mary soon ran afoul of Knox and his reformation.
 Lord
Darnley
An unmarried queen was a great asset for any country. There was talk
of Mary marrying the Archduke Charles, Charles IX of France, the Duke
of Guise or Don Carlos, the son of Philip II and even of a Protestant
suitor, Leicaster or Eric of Sweden. Mary tried to arrange a match
which would have the approval of Elizabeth since Mary was trying to
remain in good graces with Elizabeth so she would name Mary as her
heir. It soon became apparent that Elizabeth would oppose most any
match. Therefore, Mary herself chose her cousin Henry Stuart, Lord
Darnley, son of the fourth Earl of Lennox. Darnley was also a
contender for the English throne and a Catholic. Mary was very much
taken by his fine figure and they fell in love and were married
without waiting for a dispensation from Rome (they were first
cousins) or for Elizabeth's approval. Mary possibly was a virgin when
she met Darnley, even though she had been married to the King of
France. Undoubtedly, there was a strong sexual attraction to him.
Darnley was a very ambitious young man, not too bright, and wanted to
rule the country not as the consort of the Queen but as the King in
his own right. He proved to be arrogant, ill behaved, faithless and
untrustworthy. Mary by now was pregnant with the child who would
eventually become James VI of Scotland. Because Darnley had proved
such a disappointment to her, she turned her attentions and affection
to an Italian singer, David Riccio, whom she made her secretary.
 David
Riccio
Mary and Riccio shared a close friendship, which angered Darnley,
being a jealous person. I don't think that Mary and Riccio ever had
an intimate relationship but were close as only good friends can be.
It has been advanced that Riccio was a spy of the Pope. Not too much
is known about him other than he was a musician and before long was
supplanting Darnley in counsel and in companionship. One night,
Darnley, in a drunken rage, invaded Mary's apartments where she was
having a supper party. Darnley and his men dragged poor Riccio out
into the hallway and stabbed him to death before the shocked and
horrified Queen's eyes. Not long after this, Mary and Darnley
reconciled. I personally believe that this was merely artifice on
Mary's part to make Darnley assured of his position in her life until
she could find a way to rid herself of him.
Shortly after the birth of Mary's son, Darnley was killed in an
explosion at his home. He had escaped the explosion that destroyed
the house he was living in but was found with his page dead a short
distance from the house. It was rumored, and is probably true, that
he was killed by James Hepburn, the Earl of Bothwell. It was found
that Darnley had died by strangulation.
 The
Earl of Bothwell
Mary married the Earl three months later. This was one of Mary's
biggest mistakes. It proved to be a political tragedy for her.
Bothwell seems to have had a strong influence on Mary. She always
seemed in need of a strong man for counsel. As a child she could
trust and relied upon her French relatives for advice. Bothwell
persuaded her that if she returned to Edinburgh from Stirling where
she had had her baby, her life would be in danger. She went with him
to Dunbar Castle where Bothwell could protect her. There are
some who believe that Mary was forced to marry Bothwell because of
their conspiracy to murder Darnley. However, it is more likely that
she was attracted to Bothwell and his strength which was in such
opposition to Darnley's weaknesses. Mary may have felt that getting
rid of Darnley would be approved by Parliament since she could not
divorce him lest her son be jeopardized. Bothwell was brought to
trial for the murder of Darnley but he was acquitted and obtained a
recommendation by some of the nobles that he should marry Mary.
Bothwell had been married only a short time to another woman whom he
divorced in order to marry Mary. They were married at Holyroodhouse in
a Protestant ceremony after he had been created the Duke of Orkney.
Mary's Capture
Scotland was shocked, more by the fact of the marriage than by the
murder of Darnley. A great deal of deceit revolved around Mary and
she had many enemies. Many of the nobles opposed her marriage to
Bothwell and they rose against her and Bothwell. A Protestant army of
3000 men led by the Earl of Morton, met them at Carberry
Hill and after six hours of fighting, Mary persuaded
Bothwell to leave the field. She surrendered herself and was taken to Lochleven
Castle. She soon realized the seriousness of her predicament
as she was forced to ride among the rebels without food or rest and
with no attendants. When she arrived in Edinburgh she was met with
jeers from the crowd and cries of burn the whore. Death by burning
was the fate of a woman who murdered her husband. She was confined in
a small room in the Provost's house. The mob outside continued
to call for her death. Fearing for her life, the nobles moved her to
Holyrood by using the "blue blanket," the fighting flag of
the crafts community of Edinburgh to shield her from the mob. Still
the danger was so great that she was moved once again to Lochleven.
Here she miscarried twins by Bothwell and was forced to abdicate in
favor of her young son who was hastily crowned at Stirling. She saw
her son for the last time when he was ten months old.
Bothwell escaped to Norway, was arrested by the King of Denmark and
held captive until his death.
Escape
The Earl of Moray, a strong Protestant, and Mary's once beloved and
later discredited half-brother, was made Regent for James VI. When
Mary escaped from Lochleven Castle the Earl gathered an army together
to go after her. Many nobles swore their allegiance to Mary and met
with Moray in battle just outside of Glasgow. The battle lasted less
than an hour and was won decisively by Moray. Mary now feared that
she would fall into the hands of her enemy and against the advice of
the nobles who had supported her she escaped to England and to what
she thought would be the protection of one queen for another.
Mary was accused many times of plotting against Elizabeth. Elizabeth
professed impartiality, requesting evidence of Mary's treason and
then upon being given the Casket Letters, which may have been forged
to begin with, refused to rule for either side. In truth, she was
afraid of Mary whose position as legitimate Roman Catholic Queen of
England became more dangerous to Elizabeth, especially after her own
excommunication. In 1572 she secretly proposed to send Mary back to
Scotland to be murdered but this plan did not come to fruition.
Though Elizabeth had been named Godmother to Mary's son, they never
met face to face. Even today, they are both buried at Westminster
Abbey separated so that they can not see each other.
Elizabeth had her put under house arrest for the remaining 19 years
of her life. Elizabeth felt it would be better to keep her a prisoner
than to let her return to Scotland where more plots could be hatched
and where her presence could provoke a civil war. During her
captivity, Mary encouraged many plots to free her and to put her on
the English and Scottish thrones. For her involvement in these plots,
and the fear Elizabeth had of one of them succeeding, Elizabeth
signed the warrant for Mary's execution and she was beheaded at Fotheringhay
Castle in 1587.
Mary's final letter to Elizabeth expressed her final requests, which
would never be granted.
"Now having been informed, on your part, of the sentence passed
in the last session of your Parliament, and admonished by Lord Beale
to prepare myself for the end of my long and weary pilgrimage, I
prayed them to return my thanks to you for such agreeable
intelligence, and to ask you to grant some things for the relief of
my conscience.
I will not accuse any person but sincerely pardon every one, as I
desire others, and above, all God, to pardon me. And since I know
that your heart, more than that of any other, ought to be touched by
the honour or dishonour of your own blood, and of a Queen the
daughter of a King, I require you, Madam, for the same of Jesus, that
after my enemies have satisfied their black thirst for my innocent
blood, you will permit my poor disconsolate servants to remove my
corpse, that it may be buried in holy ground, with my ancestors in
France, especially the late Queen my mother, since in Scotland the
remains of the Kings my predecessors have been outraged, and the
churches torn down and profaned.
As I shall suffer in this country, I shall not be allowed a place
near your ancestors, who are also mine, and persons of my religion
think much of being interred in consecrated earth. I trust you will
not refuse this last request I have preferred to you, and allow, at
least, free sepulture to this body when the soul shall be separated
from it, which never could obtain, while united, liberty to dwell in peace.
Dreading the secret tyranny of some of those to whom you have
abandoned me, I entreat you to prevent me from being dispatched
secretly, without your knowledge, not from fear of the pain, which I
am ready to suffer, but on account of the reports they would
circulate after my death. It is therefore that I desire my servants
to remain witnesses and attestators of my end my faith in my Saviour,
and obedience to His church. This I require of you in the name of
Jesus Christ in respect to our consanguinity, for the sake of King
Henry VII, your great-grandfather and mine, for the dignity we have
both held, and for the sex to which we both belong.
I beseech the God of mercy and justice to enlighten you with his holy
Spirit, and to give the grace to die in perfect charity, as I
endeavour to do, pardoning my death to all those who have either
caused or cooperated in it; and this will be my prayer to the end.
Accuse me not of presumption if, leaving this world and preparing
myself for a better, I remind you will one day to give account of
your charge in like manner as those who preceded you in it, and that
my blood and the misery of my country will be remembered, wherefore
from the earliest dawn of your comprehension we ought to dispose our
minds to make things temporal yield to those of eternity.
Your sister and cousin wrongfully a prisoner,
Marie R."
Her last letter to Henri III shows her state of mind knowing that she
was to be executed.
"Monsieur mon beau - frere, estant par la permission de Dieu
(she wrote in French as that was preferred by her).
Royal brother, having by God's will for my sins I think, thrown
myself into the power of the Queen my cousin, at whose hands I have
suffered much for almost twenty years. I have finally been condemned
to death by her and her Estates. I have asked for my papers, which
they have taken away, in order that I might make my will, but I have
been unable to recover anything of use to me, or even get leave
either to make my will freely or to have my body conveyed after my
death, as I would wish, to your kingdom where I had honour to be
queen, your sister and old ally.
Tonight, after dinner, I have been advised of my sentence: I am to be
executed like a criminal at eight in the morning. I have not had time
to give you a full account of everything that has happened, but if
you will listen to my doctor and my other unfortunate servants, you
will learn the truth, and how, thanks be to God, I scorn death and
vow that I meet it innocent of any crime, even if I were their
subject. The Catholic faith and the assertion of my God-given right
to the English throne are the two issues on which I am condemned.
The bearer of this letter and his companions, most of them your
subjects, will testify to my conduct at my last hour. It remains for
me to beg your most Christian Majesty, my brother-in-law and old
ally, who have always protested your love for me, to give proof now
of your goodness on all these points; firstly by charity, in paying
my unfortunate servants the wages due to them - this is a burden on
my conscience that only you can relieve; further, by having prayers
offered to God for a queen who has borne the title Most Christian
Queen of France, and who dies a Catholic, stripped of all her possessions.
I have taken the liberty of sending you two precious stones,
talismans against illness, trusting you will enjoy good health and a
long and happy life. Accept them from your loving sister-in-law, who,
as she dies, bears witness of her warm feelings for you. Give
instructions if it please you, that for my soul's sake part of what
you owe me should be paid, and that for the sake of Jesus Christ, to
whom I shall pray for you tomorrow as I die, I be left enough to
found a memorial mass and give the customary alms.
Wednesday at two in the morning,
Your most moving and most true sister,
Marie R. Queen of Scotland."
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Death
It was a cold and bitter winter's day when Mary, with dignity intact
as always, was led to the block. She wore her customary black cloak
with a white veil over her head. When she reached the block, she
dropped her cloak and revealed a crimson dress. Her last words were,
-Into thy hands, O, Lord, I commend my spirit.- it took three strokes
of the axe to sever Mary's head. True or not, the story is that when
her head toppled, her body began to move, frightening everyone
present. It was found that her little dog had been hidden in her
dress. All that Mary took with her to her execution, crucifix,
writing book, then her bloodstained clothes and even the block were
burned. There were to be no relics. When the executioner held up
Mary's severed head the wig that she wore fell off and she was an old
woman, white of hair and partially bald.
Her wishes were not granted. Instead of being buried in France as she
wished she was buried in England. Her death passed without incident
from the Scottish people who were too busy with other troubles to
give more than a passing thought to the Queen who had caused so much
controversy in their country.
Mary Queen of Scots and the Molloys are 5th cousins 13
times removed. Their common ancestors are Ralph De Neville and Joan
De Beaufort.
You will fine the life story of Mary, Queen of
Scots at this site.
To Mary, Queen of Scots Home Page
 
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the
north, the Highland clans, who spoke Gaelic had little to do with
the central government in Edinburgh. The clan system was based on
family ties and the people owed their allegiance to the clan chief,
not the King. The people who lived near the border were just as
independent. In fact, they had more loyalty to local nobles who led
their raids against the English. Only in the central Lowlands of
Scotland was the King's government really in control. Even here,
though, the Parliament and the courts had very little power. The
government was run by the great noble families. The nobles could call
men to battle not as their kinsmen like the Highlanders, but as
tenants. James learned to deal with the nobles successfully and this
gave him a reputation for strength and persuasiveness. He could not
live up to this reputation, however, when he later became King of England.